Medical Terminology Daily (MTD) is a blog sponsored by Clinical Anatomy Associates, Inc. as a service to the medical community. We post anatomical, medical or surgical terms, their meaning and usage, as well as biographical notes on anatomists, surgeons, and researchers through the ages. Be warned that some of the images used depict human anatomical specimens.
You are welcome to submit questions and suggestions using our "Contact Us" form. The information on this blog follows the terms on our "Privacy and Security Statement" and cannot be construed as medical guidance or instructions for treatment.
We have 308 guests online
Georg Eduard Von Rindfleisch
(1836 – 1908)
German pathologist and histologist of Bavarian nobility ancestry. Rindfleisch studied medicine in Würzburg, Berlin, and Heidelberg, earning his MD in 1859 with the thesis “De Vasorum Genesi” (on the generation of vessels) under the tutelage of Rudolf Virchow (1821 - 1902). He then continued as a assistant to Virchow in a newly founded institute in Berlin. He then moved to Breslau in 1861 as an assistant to Rudolf Heidenhain (1834–1897), becoming a professor of pathological anatomy. In 1865 he became full professor in Bonn and in 1874 in Würzburg, where a new pathological institute was built according to his design (completed in 1878), where he worked until his retirement in 1906.
He was the first to describe the inflammatory background of multiple sclerosis in 1863, when he noted that demyelinated lesions have in their center small vessels that are surrounded by a leukocyte inflammatory infiltrate.
After extensive investigations, he suspected an infectious origin of tuberculosis - even before Robert Koch's detection of the tuberculosis bacillus in 1892. Rindfleisch 's special achievement is the description of the morphologically conspicuous macrophages in typhoid inflammation. His distinction between myocardial infarction and myocarditis in 1890 is also of lasting importance.
Associated eponyms
"Rindfleisch's folds": Usually a single semilunar fold of the serous surface of the pericardium around the origin of the aorta. Also known as the plica semilunaris aortæ.
"Rindfleisch's cells": Historical (and obsolete) name for eosinophilic leukocytes.
Personal note: G. Rindfleisch’s book “Traité D' Histologie Pathologique” 2nd edition (1873) is now part of my library. This book was translated from German to French by Dr. Frédéric Gross (1844-1927) , Associate Professor of the Medicine Faculty in Nancy, France. The book is dedicated to Dr. Theodore Billroth (1829-1894), an important surgeon whose pioneering work on subtotal gastrectomies paved the way for today’s robotic bariatric surgery. Dr. Miranda.
Sources:
1. "Stedmans Medical Eponyms" Forbis, P.; Bartolucci, SL; 1998 Williams and Wilkins
2. "Rindfleisch, Georg Eduard von (bayerischer Adel?)" Deutsche Biographie
3. "The pathology of multiple sclerosis and its evolution" Lassmann H. (1999) Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 354 (1390): 1635–40.
4. “Traité D' Histologie Pathologique” G.E.
Rindfleisch 2nd Ed (1873) Ballieres et Fils. Paris, Translated by F Gross
"Clinical Anatomy Associates, Inc., and the contributors of "Medical Terminology Daily" wish to thank all individuals who donate their bodies and tissues for the advancement of education and research”.
Click here for more information
- Details
Although not a medical term per se, we use the word [vernacular] constantly on this blog to refer to terms used commonly or colloquially by non-health care professionals.
Merriam-Webster’s definitions of [vernacular] are multiple, all pointing to common usage by a group:
• of, relating to, or using the language of ordinary speech rather than formal writing
• of, or relating to the common style of a particular time, place, or group
• using a language or dialect native to a region or country rather than a literary, cultured, or foreign language
• of, relating to, or being a nonstandard language or dialect of a place, region, or country
• of, relating to, or being the normal spoken form of a language
• applied to a plant or animal in the common native speech as distinguished from the Latin nomenclature of scientific classification
This last definition is the one that applies mostly to what we mean in this blog. While we may use the anatomical term “rectus abdominis” , most people would say “six-pack” – which is wrong on two aspects: it is vernacular, and it is not a “six pack”, if you count them, you will see that a well-developed rectus abdominis has eight bellies, four on each side, making it really an “eight pack”!
Another one would be the vernacular term "pinky" to refer to the fifth digit of the hand. Yet another one would be the use of the vernacular term “stomach” to refer to the abdomen, that is one of my pet peeves!
- Details
The word [hypochondriac] is formed by the prefix [hypo-], meaning "below", the root term [-chondr-], meaning "cartilage", and the suffix [-iac], meaning "pertaining to". A literal translation would be "pertaining to (the area) below the cartilage"; this does nothing to explain what we understand as a "hypochondriac" patient.
The word [hypochondrium], was first used by Hippocrates of Cos (460 BC - 370 BC) to denote the anterior bilateral areas below the lower costalcartilages of the thorax, what we known today as two of the abdominal regions, the hypochondriac regions.
These two areas contain on the left, the liver and gallbladder, and on the right, the spleen, part of the stomach, and the left flexure of the colon. Because of the visceral sensations referred by some patients in these areas without any apparent problems, these symptoms started to be called "hypochondriac symptoms". It did not take much time to refer to a patient that refers pathological symptoms without being sick as an "hypochondriac". The first one to actually use this term in a publication was Robert Whytt (1714 - 1766), a Scottish physician.
- Details
This article is part of the series "A Moment in History" where we honor those who have contributed to the growth of medical knowledge in the areas of anatomy, medicine, surgery, and medical research.
Don Antonio de Gimbernat i Arbos
UPDATED: Don Antonio de Gimbernat y Arbós (1734-1816). Spanish anatomist and surgeon. His complete name was Don Manuel Luis Antonio de Gimbernat y Arbós. He was born to a farmer’s family in 1734 in Cambrils (Tarragona), in what today is Cataluña. Gimbernat studied Latin and Philosophy at the University of Cervera, continuing his studies at the School of Surgery in Cádiz, where he graduated in 1762.
Gimbernat joined the Spanish Navy, but because of this capabilities, in 1765 he was offered the position of Anatomy Professor at the Royal School of Surgery in Barcelona. In 1768 he made an anatomical discovery that would render him immortal: he demonstrated the presence of the lacunar ligament. Furthermore he applied his knowledge of this ligament to improve on the surgical technique to reduce a strangulated femoral hernia. Gimbernat also discovered the lymph node found deep in the femoral ring (later to be known as Cloquet’s or Rosenmueller’s node)
In 1774 Gimbernat traveled through Europe to learn the latest surgical techniques. This trip was sponsored by King Carlos III. During his stay in London Gimbernat studied with John Hunter (1728 – 1793). In an attitude not common for a student at the time, at the end of one of Hunter's anatomical lectures on hernia, Gimbernat asked to go to the cadaver and demonstrate his findings. With approval of the teacher, he demonstrated for Hunter the lacunar ligament as well as his strangulated femoral hernia technique. Hunter watched the demonstration and at the end of it he just said "You are correct, sir".
Hunter was so impressed that from that day on he referred to the lacunar ligament as “Gimbernat’s ligament" and adopted his surgical technique. Gimbernat also showed Hunter his studies and technique to repair diaphragmatic hernias.
Manuel Gimbernat participated in the creation of the Spanish Royal School of Surgery, became a professor of surgery and orthopedics, and in 1789 he was named First Royal Surgeon and president of all the surgical schools in Spain.
In 1793, Gimbernat published his “ Nuevo Método de Operar en la Hernia Crural” dedicated to King Charles IV, which was translated as “A New Method of Operating for the Femoral Hernia”, into English in 1795.
In 1803 the Spanish king Carlos IV commissioned Don Francisco Javier de Balmis i Berenguer (1753 – 1819), a Spanish physician, to find a solution to the smallpox problem in the Spanish colonies in South America. While planning what was later to be known as the “Royal Philanthropic Vaccine Expedition” Balmis received critical contributions from Don Manuel Gimbernat.
All of his titles and positions were removed by King Fernando VII because Gimbernat was a supporter of Napoleon during his invasion of Spain in 1808. Sick, poor, blind, and with ailing mental faculties, Don Manuel Gimbernat died in Madrid on November 17, 1816.
Gimbernat was also a pioneer in ophthalmology, vascular surgery and urology. As for his incredible anatomical dissection capabilities, Gimbernat often said “mi autor más favorito es el cadaver humano" (my favorite author is the human body”
Personal note: My thanks to Dr. José Luis Bueno-López for his correction of the name of Gimbernat: "Although don Antonio de Gimbernat y Arbós was born in a town in Catalonia, Spain, he never wrote his name nor his contemporaries did, with the particle 'i' between his two family names (in the manner of the Catalan language) but with particle 'y' in the way of the Spanish language". There are many articles where Gimbernat's last name is written "Gimbernat i Arbos" (see link #3 on the Source section) which according to Dr. Bueno-López is incorrect. To read the article co-authored by Dr. Bueno-López on Gimbernat (#6 in our Sources section) click here.
Sources:
1. “Manuel Antonio de Gimbernat y Arbós. 1734-1816” Trauma (2012) 23: (1)
2. ” Gimbernat y Arbós, Antonio de (1734-1816) Loukas M et al World J Surg 2007; 31: 855-7
3. “Epónimos médicos: Ligamento de Gimbernat” Febrer JLF 1999 (Link)
4. “Antonio de Gimbernat (1734- 1816). Anatomist and surgeon” Puig-LaCalle J, Mart?-Pujol R. Arch Surg 1995; 130: 1017- 20
5. “Antonio de Gimbernat, 1734-1816” Matheson NM. Proc R Soc Med 1949; 42: 407-10.
6. "Antonio Gimbernat y Arbós: An Anatomist-surgeon of the Enlightenment (In the 220th Anniversary of his ‘‘A New Method of Operating the Crural Hernia’" Arraez-Aybar LA, Bueno-Lopez JL. Clin Anat (2013) 26:800–809
- Details
Click for a larger image
The [subarachnoid space] is the region or interval found between the deeply situated pia mater and the more superficial arachnoid mater. Extending between these two layers there is a fine meshwork or trabeculae of connective tissue strand. Also, between these two layers we find the CSF or cerebrospinal fluid. The subarachnoid space extends all around the brain and the spinal cord.
Where these two layers are in almost direct contact or apposition, the subarachnoid space is small, but there are areas deep in the sulci of the brain, where there can be slightly larger spaces. In fact, there are specific areas of the brain where the subarachnoid space is large enough (with consequent larger accumulations of CSF) that these areas are know as subarachnoid cisterns.
At the level of the posterior and lateral aspects of the medulla oblongata the subarachnoid space has communications with the internal cavities of the brain known as the ventricular system. The cerebrospinal fluid is produced deep within the ventricular system in a series of structures known as the choroid plexuses.
- Details
Lymphatics of the stomach
UPDATED: The Latin word [viscus] refers to an "internal organ". A better definition is that a [viscus] is a "single internal organ contained in a body cavity". Since there are three body cavities: craniospinal, thoracic, and abdominopelvic, each one of the organs in these cavities can be called a [viscus].
The plural form of [viscus] is [viscera]. It is a common mistake to use the plural form instead of the singular form when referring to a viscus. The sentence "the stomach is an abdominal viscera" is wrong. The correct sentence would be "the stomach is an abdominal viscus".
The adjective form [visceral] means "related to", or "pertaining to" a viscus or viscera.
The term [visceral] is also used to denote membranes that are related to a viscus. The [visceral] peritoneum is the portion of the peritoneal membrane that is found away from the abdominal wall and in relation to a viscus or viscera.
Original image courtesy of bartleby.com
- Details
![Four chamber section of the heart. By BrownCow. [Public domain], from Wikimedia Commons](/images/MTD/LargeImages/ductus_arteriosus_lg.jpg "Four chamber section of the heart")
Click for a larger image
The term [ductus arteriosus] is Latin and means “arterial duct”. The ductus arteriosus a component of fetal circulation and is a communication between the left pulmonary artery, close to its origin from the pulmonary trunk, and the inferior aspect of the aortic arch. This structure is also called the “duct of Botallus”.
The fetus oxygenates its blood using the placenta; therefore it does not need to use its lungs. The fetal blood is diverted from the right atrium to the left atrium through the foramen ovale. Still, some blood will pass from the right atrium to the right ventricle and then through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk. The ductus arteriosus will divert most of this blood, so that instead of going into the lungs, the blood will go into the aortic arch and then to the systemic circulation.
Once the baby is born, this right to left shunt is not needed and the foramen ovale will close immediately after birth, while the ductus arteriosus will slowly reduce its diameter to be completely closed in a few days. If this closure does not happen, the condition will be referred to as a “patent ductus arteriosus” or PDA.
Once the ductus arteriosus is close it is referred to as the “ligamentum arteriosus” or the “ligament of Botallus”, named after Leonardo Botallus (c.1530-????)
Sources:
1. "Gray's Anatomy"38th British Ed. Churchill Livingstone 1995
2. "Tratado de Anatomia Humana" Testut et Latarjet 8 Ed. 1931 Salvat Editores, Spain
Image by BrownCow. [Public domain], from Wikimedia Commons